全国自考现代语言学模拟试卷(3)

Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?

Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.

phone

ethnic dialect

language center

creole

hierarchical structure

contrastive analysis

interlanguage

co-hyponyms

stylistic synonyms

speech act

Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.

British English and American English are the two geographical varieties of the English language.

Language change is different from the change in the grammar.

A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.

In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don't know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically”.

Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.

The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.

A child born in a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.

Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.

Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional＜profession), nouns from verbs (computer＜compute), adjectives from verbs(conceivable＜conceive), and verbs from nouns(eulogize＜eulogy).

A p________ dialect of an individual speaker is something that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social and stylistic variation, in one form. or another.

The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p________.

A________ is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”,“have”,“do”etc.

If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d________.

Semantically, the meaning of a c________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.

To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d________ are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.

C________ distribution means that two allophones of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environments.

Linguistics is generally defined as the s________ study of language.

In a tree diagram, the points at which the tree branches at various levels are called b________ nodes.

A s________ study of language is based on the systematic investigation of language data.

In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP” the arrow can be read as ________.

The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ________, and kin term.

Modern English has a much weak case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of ________.

The distinction between langue and parole was made by ________ early 20th century.

A compound word consists of ________.

________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.

________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.

Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ________ dialects.

________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.

What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a ________ system of grammatical knowledge.