图1是曼彻斯特编码，它表示的数据可能为(26)，这种编码适用的网络是(27)。为了在广域网上高速传输数字信号，一般编码方法是(28)，其编码效率为(29)。设某编码体制的编码方法为：输入数据am(m＝1,2,…)，发送时，首先计算bm＝(am+bm-1)MOD 2，发送的编码为Cm＝bm-bm-1，收到的编码为Cm，其译码方法可表示为(30)。

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Frame. Relay is simplified form. of(71), similar in principle to(72), in which synchronous, frames of data are routed to different destinations depending on header information . Packets are routed throught one or more Virtual Circuits known as(73). Most Virtual Circuits are(74),which means that the network provider sets up all DLCI connections at subscription time.(75)are also part of the Frame. Relay specification . They privide a link that only lasts only as long as the session.

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Networks can be interconnected by different devices．In the physical layer，networks can be connected by(66)or Hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical net-work. One layer up we find bridgas and swiehes, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(67), examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two netwoks. If two networks have(68)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between the two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(69). As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must(70) the e-mail message and change various header fields.

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