用户A通过计算机网络向用户B发消息，表示自己同意签订某个合同，随后用户A反悔，不承认自己发过该条消息。为了防止这种情况发生，应采用(11)。

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In the following essay, each blank has four choices. Choose the best answer and write down on the answer sheet.

The purpose of the testing phase of software development is not to(71)the absence of errors in the programs being tested, but rather to find as many errors as possible. This statement may seem to contradict one's intuitive notion of a successful test of a piece of(72); however, a successful test is one in which errors have been found, net one in which no errors have been detected.

 There are generally two kinds of testing method: human testing and machine testing. In most companies where systems are developed, the first testing that occurs is not machine testing, but rather the detection of errors through(73), team efforts, referred to as walkthroughs and inspection. With these methods, the author of the program forms a group with others who represent programming expertise or who may be part of the project team.

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For each blank, choose the best answer from the four choices and write down on the answer sheet.

It is claimed that Al applications have moved from laboratories to the real world. However, conventional von Neumann computers are(66)for Al applications, because they are de- signed mainly for numerical processing. In a larger yon Neumann computer, there is a larger ratio of memory to processing power and consequently it is even less efficient. This(67)remains no matter how fast we make the processor because the length of the computation becomes dominated by the time required to move data between(68)and memory. This is called the yon Neumann(69). The bigger we build the machines, the worse it gets. The way to solve the problem is to diverse from the traditional architectures and to design special ones for Al applications. In the research of future Al architectures, we can take advantages of many(70)or currently emerging concepts. in computer architecture, such as dataflow computation, stack machines, tagging, pipelining, systolic array, multiprocessing, distributed processing, database machines, and inference machines.