材料:

Some older decisions have held that the carrier，in order to rebut the presumption of liability resulting from the arrival in damaged condition of GOODs shipped undamaged，must prove not only that the loss or damage was caused by one of the excepted perils，but also that the harm did not result from any negligence on the carrier's part． 

Most more recent decisions and authors，however，uphold the view that，in general，the carrier may rebut the claimant's prima facie case simply by proving that the loss was caused by an excepted peril．At that point，the onus switches to the cargo claimant to prove that the true cause of the loss was the carrier's negligence． 

Nevertheless certain Hague and Hague/Visby Rules exceptions，expressly or implicitly，also require the carrier to negative its own negligence in proving the exception itself．For example，a clause in the said rules expressly imposes on the carrier the burden of proving that the loss or damage occurred without its actual fault or privity and without any fault or neglect on the part of its servants or agents． 

The carrier，however，must truly prove the existence of one or more of the exceptions and their causative role in respect of the loss or damage．Conjectures and speculation do not take the place of hard evidence．A court has held：“Mere speculation will not overcome the prima facie evidence of a clean bill of lading”．

问题：

The carrier will be held liable for the loss or damage if _______．

If third party liabilities or expenses is involved in a claim for loss，the Insured shall ______．

“Third party”in the last paragraph of this passage refers to ______．

The word“abandonment”in the second paragraph of this passage means ______．

It appears that ________ was not a factor contributing to the collision．

It can be concluded that ________ failed to keep an effective radar lookout．

材料：

Immediately upon receipt of advice of any accident or loss to the insured vessel，it is the duty of the Insured to give notice to the Insurer within 48 hours，and if the vessel is abroad，to the Insurer's nearest agent immediately，and to take all reasonable measures for the purpose of averting or minimizing a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance．Measures taken by the Insured or the Insurer with the object of averting or minimizing a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance shall not be considered as waiver or acceptance of abandonment or otherwise prejudice the rights of either party． 

The Insured shall obtain prior agreement of the Insurer in determining the liabilities and expenses in respect of the insured vessel． 

In submitting a claim for loss，the Insured shall transfer to the Insurer all necessary documents，and assist him in pursuing recovery against the third party in case of third party liabilities or expenses being involved. 

问题：

Which are the duties of the Insured upon receipt of advice of any accident or loss to the insured vessel ___________．

I．To take all reasonable measures for the purpose of averting or minimizing a loss insured against；

II．To give notice to the Insurer within 48 hours；

III．To obtain prior agreement of the Insurer in determining the measures to be taken for the purpose of minimizing a loss insured against．

The bridge resource management on board P&O Nedlloyd Vespucci ________．

材料：

It is inferred that this passage prepared to protect the interests of ________．

It is implied in the passage that ________．