In 1786 a call went out to all the states inviting them to send delegates to a meeting to be held in Philadelphia in the spring of?1787. (31)( )

No more important meeting has ever been held in AmericA。 To it came fifty-five men, among them some of the most famous men in our history. They included George Washington who presided over the convention, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. They worked steadily and in secret from May well into September and adjourned only after they had written ne plan of government to be sent to the thirteen states for approval. (32)( ) A great English statesman called this constitution "the most remarkable work known to me in modern times to have been produced by the human intellect, at a single stroke( so to speak), in its application to political affairs. "(33) ( )Since then it has been the fundamental law of the nation

 We the people of the United States" the Preamble to the Constitution begins, (34)( )These purposes were: first, to form. a more perfect Union; second, to establish justice; third, to insure domestic peace; fourth, to provide for the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity.

 The makers of the Constitution had no choice but to continue the dual system of government, a system under which each of the states would look after its own affairs while a general government would attend to matters that the states could not deal with effectively. (35)( )

 No other plan would win the support of any state. This is a basic fact to be kept in minD。 The problem was to construct a sovereign nation made up of many sovereign states. The federal government must be built in such a way as to keep it from coming into conflict with the state governments. In solving the problem of the relation of the whole to the parts, (36)( )

 We are now prepared to look briefly at the Constitution itself. What are its leading principles? What are its leading provisions? First of all, the Constitution is based on the principle of delegation of powers. This means that it provides for a national government that has only those powers granted to it in the Constitution by the people. Before it can act in a matter the federal government must find the power to do so in the Constitution. Powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution nor denied by it to the state are reserved to the states or to the people themselves. The states thus have powers that the federal government does not have. (37)( )

 Each state makes its own laws on these matters.Next, the Constitution provides for a federal government based on the principle of the separation of powers. It provides for three distinct departments of government: legislative, executive and judicial. All legislative power granted by the Constitution is given to Congress; the executive power is given to the President; and the judicial power is given to the Supreme Court and other federal courts. The Constitution has many provisions intended to keep each department independent and strong. Each department has ways of exerting some control over the others. In this way no department can become all-powerful. The President is Commander-in-Chi of the army and navy, but all the money for supporting an army and navy must be appropriated by Congress. The Supreme Court has power to declare a law passed by Congress and approved by the President unconstitutional and without effect, (38)( )

 The powers granted to the federal government by the Constitution are great enough to make it strong and able to act vigorously in matters relating to the nation as a whole. Congress has the power to levy taxes, maintain an army and navy, declare war, regulate commerce among the states and with foreign nations, admit new states into the Union, and to do many other things. (39)( )

 The federal courts try all cases arising under the Constitution and under federal laws and treaties. If any state constitution or state law is in conflict with the federal Constitution or with any laws or treaties made in accordance with it, the state constitution or law must give way. (40)( )

A .People would then be subject to two sets of laws, those of the nation and those of the states in which they lived

B. The United States Constitution and the laws and treaties made under it are the Supreme Law of the Land

C. but the President appoints Supreme Court justices with the consent of the Senate, and they may be removed from office by Congress if they do not behave as they should

D .and it goes on to set forth six purposes in the minds of the people in making and adopting the new form. of government

E. This meeting was the Constitutional Convention a great turning point in American history

F. The federal government, for example, has no power to pass laws regulating marriage anddivorce in the states

G. The document was the Constitution of the United States

H. The changes have been made in two ways-by formal amendment and by interpretation by the Supreme Court

I. Before 1788 had ended, the Constitution had been approved in most of the states and in 1789 it went into effect

J. Americans made their chief contribution to political science the federal system

K. The President's powers include the making of treaties with foreign nations with the consent of the Senate

(63)All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live.Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twenty four hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours. (64)I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.(65)Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings? What happiness should we find in reviewing the past, what regrets?(66)Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. (67)There are those, of course, who would adopt the epicurean motto of "Eat, drink, and be merry", but most people would be chastened by certainty of impending death

According to the author, what is the relationship between media violence and real-life violence?

Passage 4

 Blaming the media for violence is misguided. To better understand the issue of violence and society, it is helpful to examine its historical roots. Certainly not all tribal societies were violent. For example, many native tribes in the American southwest were entirely peaceful. However, for most tribal people throughout most of the world war and violence have always been part of life. One of our oldest books, the Old Testament, tells of constant tribal wars among the peoples of the Middle East. Likewise, ancient texts such as the Greek Iliad, the Indian Bhagavad-Gita and the Nordic Beowulf all tell tales of war and violence. Certainly the peoples of ancient Babylonia, Greece, India, and Scandinavia were not influenced by the media yet most of the earliest human records indicate that violence has been an ever-present part of human life. Since violence was with us long before media, it seems unlikely that controlling the media now would have much impact on stopping.

 A comparison of violence in nations around the world indicates that there is no relationship between media violence and real violence. In the United States, in 1996, there were 9,390 gun related deaths. In the same year, Japan had 15 gun-related deaths. Yet the level of violence on television in Japan is higher than that in the U.S. Japanese TV often depicts graphic violence that would not be allowed on U.S. television, and Japanese movie-goers see the same major Hollywood films that Americans see, but street crime is so rare in Tokyo that most people do not worry about it. In American cities, people in general, and women in particular, are afraid to walk alone at is an ever-present concern in the U. S. where citizens limit their lives in numerous the chances of joining the 11, 000 people who are killed by guns in America each the number of murders in the U. S. is small compared to Columbia, where, for 23,000 people were murdered in 1999. Columbians have much less exposure to media violence Americans or Japanese; they have fewer TV stations and watch fewer films. Indeed, those committing murders in Columbia are often people from the countryside who have the least exposure to the mediA。 Thus people who are not exposed to the media are often more likely to commit violent crimes than those exposed to it. Since Canada borders the U. S. Canadians receive the same TV and radio programs that Americans receive, yet gun violence in Canada is nearly one hundred times lower than that in the U. S. Clearly there is no significant relationship between media violence and real-life violence. We need to look elsewhere for solutions to real-life violence.

Why does the author examine the historical roots of violence in the first paragraph?

recognize talk in  afford expect cheap 

at reassure chat  soul live catch sight of

I (51)( ) her at the play and in answer to her beckoning I went over during the interval and sat down beside her. It was long since I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I hardly think I would have(52)( )her. She addressed me brightly."Well, it's many years since we first met. How time does fly! We're none of us getting any younger. Do you remember the first time I saw you? You asked me to luncheon.

 Did remember?

 It was twenty years ago and I was (53)( )in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin Quarter overlooking a cemetery and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and (54)together. She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it. I answered, thanking her, and presently I received from her another letter saying that she was passing through Paris and would like to have(55)( )_with me; but her time was limited and the only free moment she had was on the following Thursday; she was spending the morning at the Luxembourg and would I give her a little luncheon at Foyot's afterwards? Foyot's is a restaurant (56)( )which the French senators eat and it was so far beyond my means that I had never even thought of going there. But I was flattered and I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman. (Few men, I may add, learn this until they are too old to make it of any consequence to a woman what they say. I had eighty francs gold francs )to last me the rest of the month, and a modest luncheon should not cost more than fifteen. If I cut out coffee for the next two weeks I could

 I answered that I would meet my friend-by correspondence-at Foyot's on Thursday at half past twelve. She was not so young as I (57)( )and in appearance imposing rather than attractive. She was, in fact, a woman of forty a charming age, but not one that excites a sudden and devastating passion at first sight), and she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. She was talkative, but since she inclined to talk about me I was prepared to be an attentive listener.I was startled when the bill of fare was brought, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated. But she(58)( )me.

 "I never eat anything for luncheon," she said.

 “Oh, don' 't say that! answered generously.

 "I never eat more than one thing. I think people eat far too much nowadays. little fish, perhaps. wonder if they have any salmon.

 Well, it was early in the year for salmon and it was not on the bill of fare, but I asked the waiter if there was any. Yes, a beautiful salmon had just come in, it was the first they had had, I ordered it for my guest. The waiter asked her if she would have something while it was being cookeD. "No," she answered, "I never eat more than one thing. Unless you had a little caviare. never mind caviare.”

 My heart sank a little. I knew could not(59)( )caviare, but I could not very well tell her that. I told the waiter by all means to bring caviare. For myself I chose the (60)( )dish on the menu and that was a mutton chop.

(arrive) You know you've( ) when you're asked to appear on TV.

(continue) She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child's development may be warpeD。

(increasing) people are realizing that our basic problems are not economic( ) ones.

(hesitate) There is no room for( )

(ease) Hospitals always make me feel( ) especially when I am the one who must see the doctor.

(relax) Fishing is his favorite( )