材料：

By inserting in bills of lading such clauses as to state that the voyage or time charterer is not a party to the contract of carriage and is thus not a“carrier” within the meaning of the relevant national legislation or international conventions，time and voyage charterers purport to deny any liability under the contract of carriage，despite the reality of their involvement in the loading，discharging and trimming of the cargo，in choosing the ship's route，in hiring the stevedores，and in many other facets of the ship's operation．

Such clauses are effectively non-responsibility clauses which contravene the mandatory nature and public order of the Hague/Visby Rules，the Hamburg Rules，which state that any clauses relieving or excluding the carrier from liability under a contract of carriage shall be null and void and of no effect．This position has been generally accepted by the courts of continental and civilian European countries，which have rightly viewed such clauses with suspicion as illegal attempts by charterers to avoid their liability and evade the mandatory application of the international conventions． 

问题：

The inserted clauses that state the voyage or time charterer is not a party to the contract of carriage are ________．

The lesson from this accident is that ________．

It was the ________ that hit the crewmember on his head．

The cause of the accident was that ________．

材料：

While berthed alongside in Tenerife，the cruise ship Arcadia was carrying out a lifeboat drill．One lifeboat was successfully launched and as it was being recovered，the winch hoisting it failed．The lifeboat was still connected to the falls and it dropped back into the sea.To investigate what had happened，the crew had to wind the falls back onto the winch drum．The lifeboat was disconnected while the crew tried to restart the winch．They were unsuccessful because of a fault on the hand crank cutout switch． 

The crew then attempted to wind the falls back on using the hand crank，but because of the time and effort involved，the cutout switch was bypassed and power restored to speed up the operation．The crank handle was left in place．The winch was started．It began to turn and so too did the handle which hit one of the crew over the head． 

The investigation found that the winch failed in the first place because the oil used in the winch gearbox was not one recommended．It was too viscose and would have prevented the coupling locking mechanism from operating correctly． 

问题：

It was the fault on the ________ that caused the failure to recover the lift boat

Assuming the length of a crude oil tanker is 200m，her max aft draft corresponding to her displacement of lightweight plus segregated ballast only should be ________．

This passage is most likely extracted from ________．

Ballast water ________ carried in cargo tanks on board of oil tankers．

材料：

Every new crude oil tanker of 20000 tons deadweight and above and every new product carrier of 30000 tons deadweight and above shall be provided with segregated ballast tanks．The capacity of the segregated ballast tanks shall be so determined that the ship may operate safely on ballast voyages without recourse to the use of cargo tanks for water ballast． 

In all cases，however，the capacity of segregated ballast tanks shall be at least such that，in any ballast condition at any part of the voyage，including the conditions consisting of lightweight plus segregated ballast only，the ship’s draughts and trim can meet each of the following requirements：

（a）The moulded draught amidships（dm）meters（without taking into account any ship's deformation）shall not be less than dm = 2.0 + 0.02L；

（b）The draughts at the forward and after perpendiculars shall correspond to those determined by the draught amidships（dm）as specified in sub-paragraph（a）of this paragraph，in association with the trim by the stern of not greater than 0.015L；

The effectively non-responsibility clauses ________．

According to the passage，the clauses mentioned above are ________．