(B)

   “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,”said Franklin D. Roosevelt. He might have been onto something: research suggests that people are happy to endure a bit more pain, if it means they spend less time waiting for it.

   Classical thanes of decision-making suppose that people bring rewards forward and postpone punishments, because we give far-off events less weight. This is called “temporal discounting”. But this theory seems to go out the window when it comes to pain.

  One explanation for this is that the anticipation of pain is itself unpleasant, a phenomenon that researchers have appropriately termed “dread”.

  To investigate how dread varies with time, Giles Story at University College London, and his colleagues, hooked up 33 volunteers to a device that gave them mild electric shocks. The researchers also presented people with a series of choices between more or less mildly painful shocks, sooner or later.

   During every “episode” there was a minimum of two shocks, which could rise to a maximum of 14, but before they were given them, people had to make a choice such as nine extra shocks now or six extra shocks five episodes from now. The number of shocks they received each time was determined by these past choices.

   No pain, no gain.

About E-learning

Although measured air pollution ranged below current WHO guidelines, a considerable proportion of the adults surveyed rated themselves as annoyed by car fumes (39.7%) or visible dust/soot: exposure (26.9%). Of the mothers (children’s study), 12.2% reported car fumes perceptible most of the time in the exposed area, 5.3% in the unexposed area.In the adult study, a series of factors were significantly associated with the perception of car fumes or dust/soot.

  At the yearly Rottnest Channel Swim in Western Australia, participants often smear their bodies with animal fat for insulation(36) the 70-degree water. But their own body fat also helps to keep them warm, like an extra layer of clothing (37) the skin. When scientists studied aspects of the event in 2006, they found that swimmers (38) a greater body mass index (BMI) appear to be at much (39)risk of getting hypothermia. Under certain conditions, though, overweight people might feel (40) than people of average weight. That’s because the brain combines two signals—the temperature (41) the body and the temperature on the surface of the skin—to determine when it’s time to constrict blood vessels (which (42) heat loss through the skin) and trigger shivering (which (43) heat). And since subcutaneous fat traps heat, an obese person’s core will tend to remain warm (44) his or her skin cools down. According to Catherine O’Brien, a research physiologist with the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, it’s possible that the lower skin temperature would give (45) people the sense of being colder overall.

46、毕竟，我们总有许多不说实话的理由。

47、政府不得不动用储备并向国外借款。

48、这种液体不可暴露在空气中，因为它会很快蒸发掉。

49、由于粗心大意，他的实验注定要失败。

50、她用皮补丁加固了夹克衫的肘部。

I got five_______my ad about the car for sale.

The government decided to set up a monument_______the soldiers who died in the war.

We must_______the possibility that he is not here because of illness.

In the past, women had to_______social prejudice against them.

The shuttle bus_______commuters at rush hour.

Happiness is not always_______the amount of money.