American dictionaries generally use ______ to mark the pronunciation.

What are contextual clues?Guess the meaning of the word underlined in the following sentence and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning.(a) Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor B irdwhistell.(b) It's just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors — those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as "silicon chips".

Analyze and comment on the meanings of the following sentences and then find out the right antonyms for each fast respectively.

[A] My god, look, this clock is one hour fast, as if we were at Tokyo.

[B] The colors aren't fast, so be careful when you wash this shirt.

[C] The delegation paid a fast visit to the United Kingdom last month.

Comment on the following groups to illustrate the difference between partial and full conversion.

Group 1: "white — a white, final — finals"

Group 2: "rich — the rich, wounded — the wounded"

What is the appropriate antonym for acute in the following statement?She got an acute pain in her back.

leorn→ian→lern→en→learn

Above is the change of "learn" from Old English through Middle English to Modern English.What can you conclude from the viewpoint of the development of English vocabulary?

Both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them? Illustrate your point with examples.

associated transfer

variations of idioms

grammatical meaning

derivational affix