That is no surprise that John should have failed the exam; he doesn’t work hard at all.

Why is -ed participle so termed rather than the “past participle” as it used to be called? Name three functions the -ed participle can perform.

What are the two major kinds of word classes in English? What words do they consist of respectively?

Using ellipsis:

Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one cup of coffee.

Using reference:

Mr. Black and his wife are going to dine out this evening. In fact, Mr. Black and his wife do it every weekend.

Using extraposition:

Whether he will invest in the program remains a puzzle,

Using inversion:

Following the roar, a tiger rushed out from among the bushes.

Combining the two sentences by using a conjunct:

Officially, he is in charge.His secretary does all the work.

Using a disjunct:

It is quite obvious that measures should be taken to cope with the environmental pollution.

Combining the two sentences by using a relative clause:

Global warming is one of the greatest challenges.Each and every country on this planet has to face the challenges.

Combining the two sentences by using a correlative coordinator.

The conference on nuclear energy was not attended by students from Stanford.We were very disappointed that the conference on nuclear energy was only attended by teachers from Berkeley.