( ) In medieval times, an agree-upon “common tongue” came into use in the eastern Mediterranean ports, which was called Lingua Franca. The term lingua franca cannot be generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, not any language can be a lingua franca.

fossilization

Define with examples phonemic contrast, allophone and complementary distribution. What is the basic way to determine the phonemes of a language?

Describe with examples the lexical loss which occurred in Old English and Middle English. Do you think the loss of words inevitable? What do you think of the process of lexical loss?

interpersonal communication

internal borrowing

social dialects

embedded clause

predication

directives

compounding