Passage Two

How we look and how we appear to others, probably worry us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we ,are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.

Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner, If we do, they tell us,we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply. just to dress. A barber does not cut a boy's hair in the same way as he used to,and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did.The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.

What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person. can establish a fashion. Take hats,for example. In cold climate, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men followed his example.

There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable, After World: WarⅡ, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter until the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.

Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else, Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashions of the top fashion houses.

Paragraph Ten

India's successively launching of its first nuclear submarine and aircraft carrier shows New Delhi's upgraded naval capability and its strong drive to dominate the Indian Ocean, observers say. The 37,500-ton aircraft carrier INS Vikrant will enter the water on Monday at Kochi shipyard in southern India, four years after its keel was laid.

Launches highlight India's sea a___ .

The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.(46.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the. public's concerns. about juvenile crime. Despite. these, efforts. Polls show that the public continues to see crime as one. of the most pressing problems in society)

In January 1994, we released our report Crime in California describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults.(47.Generally. the juvenile system. emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders. The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlow enforcement agencies,) Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles at-risk" of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.

Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987.This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. (48.It is. likely. that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile. population. In _order. to dress this growth in crime. Policymakers will have 10 pursue multiple strategies including prevention,intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts)

(49.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years. based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles _who commit criminal acts. generally should be treated differently from adults.) Separate courts, detention facilities,e rules, procedures, and laws were created for juveniles with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.

Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations, their treatment is different from that of adults. (50. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult” offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court; if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either. other juveniles or adults.) In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court; if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.

Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories (“criminal offenders" and “juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories("informal probationers" and "status offenders") are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.

Paragraph Nine

Health experts have long noted the importance of physical activity. Exercises improve both your appearance and your health. Exercises help to reduce the risk of some diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type-two diabetes and even some kinds of cancer, Medical experts say some diseases can be reduced through normal exercises.

Physical exercises l___ to better health.

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Are people less happy or more happy the older they get? If you answered,more happy, then you were right based on a study in 2008. It found that people generally become happier and experience less worry after age fifty. In fact, it found that by the age of eighty-five, people are happier with their life than they were at eighteen.

The r___ between age and happiness.

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Women's soccer is becoming more popular around the world. But in most places, women still have less training and financial support than male players. A program held every summer in Berlin aims to improve opportunities for women. It brings soccer clubs from Africa and the Middle East to Germany for a week of games and discussions.

An i___ in the popularity of women's soccer.

Paragraph Six

Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are popular places to visit, especially in the warmer months. Both are known for their sailing and sunsets and fun things to do. Martha's Vineyard is also known for its tall cliffs overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. The island is about 13 kilometers off the coast and is less than 260 square kilometers.

An i___ of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.

Paragraph Five

The China-Japan Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1978 should be commemorated and followed well, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said Monday, The treaty defines the direction of China-Japan friendship from generation to generation, and consolidates the political foundation for the long-term development of bilateral relations, Hong said.

Japan should o_ _ the Treaty of Peace and Friendship

Paragraph Three

Many top universities now offer online classes. They teach everything from.computer programming to the science of cooking. Many classes are at little or no cost. They are restructured more often than traditional college programs. That's important to the millions of students who learn technical and other skills from Lynda.com.

The i___ of online classes on college programs

Paragraph Two

You make a meal to take to work and then you forget it. Has this ever happened to you? Or you see someone you know well but you cannot remember his name. Researchers of Alzheimer"s said they now have proof that self-reported minor memory loss sometimes led to greater mental problems six years later.

Memory d___ may be an early sign of Alzheimer's.

Paragraph Four

A French serviceman has been arrested on charges of having planned an aggressive action against a mosque in Lyon in southern France. Citing a statement of the interior ministry, the daily Le Parisien said the 23-year-old soldier, who was arrested on the airbase Lyon Mont Verdu, damaged a mosque with a Molotov cocktail last year.

France arrested a soldier over a mosque a___ .