Passage Three

One period of our lives when superior results are demanded of us is, strangely enough, childhood. Despite being young we are expected to achieve good grades, stay out of trouble, make friends at school, do well on tests, perform chores at home and so on. It’s not easy.

The good news is that being likeable can help a child perform better. Likeable children enjoy many advantages, including the ability to cope more easily with stresses of social interaction and growing up.

In her book Understanding Child Stress, Dr. Carolyn Leonard states that children who are likeable, optimistic, and personable fare well and are able to gain support from others. This leads to resilience and focus; a child who has adequate emotional armor can continue down the path to success. Much research shows that resilience, the ability to recover from or adjust early to misfortune and sustained life stress, has enabled children to succeed in school, avoid drug abuse, and develop a healthy self-concept.

Why does a likeable child more easily navigate stress and do better in his or her life? Because likeability helps create what’s known as a positive feedback loop. The positive feelings you invoke in other people are returned to you, creating constant encouragement and an antidote to the daily strains of life.

This feedback loop continues into adulthood. To return once again to the example of teaching, learning becomes easier with a likeable personality. Michael Delucchi of the University of Hawaii reviewed dozens of studies to determine if likeable teachers received good ratings because of their likeability or because they in fact taught well. Delucchi found that “Students who perceive a teacher as likeable, in contrast to those who do not, may be more attentive to the information that the teacher delivers and they’ll work harder on assignments, and they’ll be more receptive to grading and they will learn more.”

You may have noticed this pattern in your own life when you try to give some advice. The more positive your relationship with that person, the more he or she seems to listen, and the more you feel certain that that person has heard you and intends to act on your words.

Questions 11-15 are based on Passage Three.

The writer implies in the first paragraph that ______.

Paragraph Ten

With the construction of Olympic venues, Beijing has experienced a major overhaul of its urban infrastructure. New subway lines have opened and others are currently being built. New transport facilities and the green environment around Olympic sites have helped real estate prices to skyrocket in these areas.

The “Olympic E______” is evident in Beijing.

Paragraph Nine

Many of the modern world’s most famous discoveries and inventions were not made by scientists, but by non-professional inventors. Often, these inventors have such unusual ideas that they were laughed at. But people like these, working on their own, gave us many of the things that we use everyday in our life.

Many inventions were made by a______ inventors.

Altogether, American consumers today owe about 1.3 trillion dollars.

[46. There is some danger in taking on debts, however, when the economy slackens, and employers lay off workers, families that lose breadwinners often fail to make the payments on their debts. ]If they fall behind too far on these responsibilities, they run the risk of having their houses, cars, or other items taken over or repossessed by the lenders.

But in the U.S. economy, most people are lenders as well as borrowers. Normally a family has a saving account, money that is, in effect, loaned to a saving institution in return for interest.[47. Most also have life insurance, the insurance company takes the premiums, guarantees a payment to be made when a policy-holder dies, and meanwhile invests some of the money.]

Many experts recommend that families save no less than 5 percent of their disposable income for further needs.

Many countries depend much less than the U.S. does on the marketplace to decide who will sell goods and in what quantity. In communist and socialist countries, government agencies decide the amount, type and price of many goods to be produced. Many or all places of economic activity such as factories, farms, mines, utilities and transportation network are owned chiefly by the government.

In the U.S., too, the role of government is growing.[48. Corporate leaders and economists are wondering how much regulation the market system can take before it loses its ability to respond to consumer needs.]But the system continues to function, and business continues to work for more profits and consumers for more income, knowing that they will be able to retain much of their wealth.

Most men and women learn early that society places a certain monetary value on various professions and skills, based again on the law of supply and demand. Doctors, who must study long years to develop specialized skills and are therefore in short supply, earn more than labors who have little training and many competitions for the same job.

That is not to say that good jobs and more wealth are guaranteed to Americans. The U.S. economy has been plagued periodically with two major problems: high unemployment and the rising cost of living - inflation.

The two problems are closely linked.[49. When prices climb faster than people’s incomes, families sooner or later are forced to cut back on buying in order to make each end meet.]

That limits what business can produce and how many people they can employ.[50. It may even start a temporary decline in the country’s economy - such as the one that ran from late 1973 to the spring of 1975, when millions of people were laid off from their jobs.]

Still, despite all of the problems that exist, most Americans prefer the U.S. economic system to any other, as the result of poll after poll indicates.

Paragraph Eight

Every summer thousands of Americans go to Europe. Some go for a change of air, some to improve their minds, some go there because they are tired of making money, others because they are tired of not making money, and still others simply for a vacation.

Europe is an ideal d______ for many American tourists every summer.

Paragraph Seven

Every culture in the world believes certain superstitions. Even societies that are very rational and scientific are sometimes a little superstitious. For example, Americans consider “13” an unlucky number. Some people in the U.S. also believe that if Friday falls on the thirteenth day of the month, they will have bad luck.

It can be said that superstitions e______ in every society.

Paragraph Six

In the United States, not everyone is able to attend a four-year college or university. Many four-year colleges and universities are already too crowded. To give more people a chance to get a college education, many cities and towns have built junior community colleges that offer a two-year course of study in a wide range of subjects.

Junior colleges have been built to o______ more education opportunities.

Paragraph Three

Excessive pressure from schoolwork is probably the most common problem in urban areas affecting Chinese children’s development. Giving children time to dabble in many fields is vital for their physical and mental development. In the process, they will gradually show a liking for particular activities. Parents can help their kids make choices.

“Less work, more p______” is recommended for urban children.

Paragraph Four

Beginning in the 1980s, higher incomes and greater job opportunities in China’s large cities have been enticing growing numbers of farmers into becoming migrant workers. Currently, the migrant population has reached an unprecedented level. About 200 million farmers have left their homes to earn a living in cities.

In China the population is drifting from r______ areas into cities.

Paragraph Five

A bean which has increased enormously in importance in recent years is soybeans. A native of eastern Asia, it is one of the oldest crops known to man. It was first recorded in 2838 B. C. Its value has long been known in the Orient, but only recently has it attracted the attention of European and American scientists.

The value of soybean was u_______ by the European and American scientists.

Paragraph One

A friendly dog can make older people feel less isolated — and it appears to make little difference if that wagging tail belongs to a robot doggie or the real thing. Researchers compared a real dog with a far-from-lifelike robot dog, to see how residents of three U.S. nursing homes would respond.

Robot as good as real dog can ease l____ people.