Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage

Much of the fiction written by American women in the twenty-first century can be termed "popular," owing to its sustained engagement with an expansive but clearly defined readership. Since the 1990s, popular women's fiction has been dominated by "chick lit," a term that has come to signify a particular brand of commercial fiction. In her article "Who's Laughing Now? A Short History of Chick Lit and the Perversion of a Genre," novelist Cris Mazza credits herself with inventing the taxonomy in her capacity 8 co-editor of an anthology of new women's writing. The stories in Chick Lit sought "not to embrace an old silly or coquettish image of women but to take responsibility for our part in the damaging, lingering stereotype,." Mazza coined the term hoping that critics would recognize its "ironic intention"; as she observes, the ironic infection of the term evaporated with the inception of the "second incarnation" of Chick Lit It is this second incarnation that became a publishing phenomenon in the 1990s and continues to thrive in the twenty-first century.