Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the fllowing passage.

In the 1950s, the Sami of Finland had an economy based on fishing and reindeer herding CXHURE), which provided most of the fooD.Reindeer had several other important economic and social functions. They were used as animals to haul wood for fuel. Their hides were made into clothing Reindeer were also key items of exchange, both in external trade and internal gift-giving. A child was given a reindeer to mark the appearance of its first tooth When a couple became engaged, they exchanged a reindeer with each other and when they married, reindeer were the most important wedding gift.

By the 1960s, all this had changed because of the introduction of the snowmobile. After that, the herds were no longer kept closely domesticated (围养) for part of the year, during which they became tame. Instead, they were allowed to roam freely all year and thus became wilder. On snowmobiles, the men covered larger amounts of territory at round-up (把牲畜赶回畜栏）time to bring in the animals,; and sometimes several round-ups occurred instead of one.

Herd size declined dramatically Reasons for the decline included the stress caused to the reindeer by the extra distance traveled during round-ups and the fear aroused by the noisy snowmobiles Round- ups were now held at a time when the females were near the end of their pregnancy, another factor causing reproductive stress. As the number of snowmobiles increased, the number. of reindeer decreased 46% .

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(67)

(65)

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genus is requireD.A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.

[(63)If the matter is one that can be settled by observation，make the observation yourself．] Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men， by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.He did not do so because he thought he knew.[(64)Thinking that you know when in fact you don;t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone.] I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles，because I have been told that they do； but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs，I should not commit myself untilI had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet． Aristotle，however, was less cautious．Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders；not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them becausehe had never seen one of them.

Many matters，however, are less easily brought to the test of experience．[(65)If, like most of mankind，you have passionate convictions on many such matters there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias．][(66)If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do．]If some one maintains that two and two are five，or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction．The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way．Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic，because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion．[(67)So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion，be on your guard； you will probably find，on examination，that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants．]

(From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)

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(64)

in what ways is money income related to spouses' good health?

(60)

What are the two major parts in a stress-reducing mechanism? What are the stress-reducing behaviors which. may help spouses promote each other’s health?

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