Passage4

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health tendency and health condition of an individual at a particular time, the probability of better or worse future health of spouses is affected by a variety of social factors that are. subject to influence of his or her spouse.

There are many ways in which spouses can influence each other's probability of good health. Spouses can, promote. each other’s health byalleviatingpsychological stress, A substantial literature provides. strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increases mortality risk, and is an important mechanism that links socio-economic characteristics to health and mortality Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress and management of stress through confidential conversation, psychiatric treatment(精神治疗）, physical exercise, recreation and other means A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.

Spouses can also promote each other's health by

providing supportive social contacts and they can facilitate or inhibit each other"s social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that heath is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, coworkers and acquaintances Recent data show that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to diseases than those with less diverse social networks.

Spouses can also promote each other's heath by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage it effectively Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health possible. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic (卫生的) and safe environment, medical care, and facilities that reduce psychological stress Unless estranged (分居的) or unusually wealthy, spouses share their financial resources and consume these heath promoting goods and services.

The word "alleviating” in Paragraph 2 probably mean      .

(66)

(67)

(65)

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genus is requireD.A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.

[(63)If the matter is one that can be settled by observation，make the observation yourself．] Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men， by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.He did not do so because he thought he knew.[(64)Thinking that you know when in fact you don;t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone.] I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles，because I have been told that they do； but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs，I should not commit myself untilI had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet． Aristotle，however, was less cautious．Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders；not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them becausehe had never seen one of them.

Many matters，however, are less easily brought to the test of experience．[(65)If, like most of mankind，you have passionate convictions on many such matters there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias．][(66)If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do．]If some one maintains that two and two are five，or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction．The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way．Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic，because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion．[(67)So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion，be on your guard； you will probably find，on examination，that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants．]

(From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)

(63)

(64)

in what ways is money income related to spouses' good health?

(60)

What are the two major parts in a stress-reducing mechanism? What are the stress-reducing behaviors which. may help spouses promote each other’s health?

(58)

(59)